TUD Organische Chemie | Immel | Tutorials | Orbitals | Hybrid | Orbitals 4sp2-4d | View or Print (this frame only) |
The linear combination of a 4s-orbital with two 4p-orbitals (4px and 4py) and one 4d-orbital (4dz2)
results in four sp2d-orbitals of identical shape, but different orientation in space. The images below provide an illustration of the probability contours
(90-25% probability level of the electron density, i.e. ψ2) and the nodal planes of a sp2d-orbital
(actually not "planar" planes; ψ = 0), where different colors indicate regions of opposite sign in ψ.
In the bottom row, all four sp2d-orbitals and their square-planar arrangement are displayed, but note that the orbitals have been moved away from the center towards the outside to facilitate visualization (the orange spheres represent the original location of the nucleus). Click on the images to enlarge view or see the VRML 3D-model. |
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All graphics shown on this page were created using the MolArch+ program
and POVRAY Persistence of Vision Raytracer. Hybrid Orbitals were generated from the
pure hydrogenic wave functions of 4s- and 4p-orbitals; Cartesian wave functions were taken from
The Orbitron Gallery of Atomic Orbitals and Molecular Orbitals.
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